Ruth Gospel Essays - Christian Iconography, , Term Papers

Ruth Gospel The Book of Ruth sensitively portrays bonding and devotion between two women. [But also don't miss Book of Judith for a surprising overturning of male/female roles: Judith sneaks into the enemy camps, cuts off the head of Holofernes, the leader of the enemy army, returns and receives a hero's welcome, and then lives out the remainder of her days with her maidservants, rejecting all male suitors] The final pledge of Ruth to Naomi - more moving in the King James Version than any other [including the Hebrew apparently] - is often used in heterosexual marriage ceremonies. But it is made between two women. This story may or may not be a "lesbian" story: many commentators reject such an interpretation, but others [such as Tom Horner in David Loved Jonathan support a lesbian reading. Quite apart from the lesbian reading of this passage, note that the Bible reveals a major internal debate in the book of Ruth. The point of the story is that Ruth becomes the grandmother of King David, - but Ruth was a Moabite women. The Deuteronomic code, probably adopted about the time of Ezra and Nehemiah condemns marriages between Jews and non-Jews - a reflection of the problems and nationalism of post-exilic Judaism. Interestingly Deuteronomy and the book of Nehemiah do not agree as to the details - but both books would exclude King David from the "congregation of the Lord" - because he was within ten generations of a Moabite, and Nehemiah would exclude Jesus of Nazareth!

Free Essays on Banking Concept

that mean nothing to students.  · The students record and memorizes the information but never really achieve true knowledge because they don’t know what it really means they become machines.  · Students input the data they are being taught this is how teachers know if they are doing their job.  · The banking concept of education consists of three things receiving, filling, and storing information therefore students can’t be really students.  · Knowledge is a gift given by those who consider themselves knowledgeable to those who don’t know anything. In this case the student.  · The teacher becomes superior to the students because he sees himself as a more knowledgeable person than the student because the students are more ignorant this is how he justifies his own existence.  · Then the students accept their ignorance to justify the teacher’s existence never realizing that they also educate the teacher.  · The teacher is the subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects.  · Some students become passive and take knowledge without question.  · The oppressor in this case the teachers don’t like change.  · The oppressor must avoid the threat of student consciousness.  · Students must be slaves and shouldn’t be allowed to have the same thinking process as the teacher.  · The educator’s job is to regulate how the information enters the mind of the student.  · The banking concept attempts to control thinking and action, leads men to adjust to the world and inhibits their creative power. Problem Posing  · Through dialogue the teacher of the students and the students of the teacher cease to ... Free Essays on Banking Concept Free Essays on Banking Concept â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education† A. Banking Concept  · Teachers job is to fill the minds of students with information that is unrecognized to them. The information is concrete and abstract it’s all one sided the teachers do most of the talking and most of the time use words that mean nothing to students.  · The students record and memorizes the information but never really achieve true knowledge because they don’t know what it really means they become machines.  · Students input the data they are being taught this is how teachers know if they are doing their job.  · The banking concept of education consists of three things receiving, filling, and storing information therefore students can’t be really students.  · Knowledge is a gift given by those who consider themselves knowledgeable to those who don’t know anything. In this case the student.  · The teacher becomes superior to the students because he sees himself as a more knowledgeable person than the student because the students are more ignorant this is how he justifies his own existence.  · Then the students accept their ignorance to justify the teacher’s existence never realizing that they also educate the teacher.  · The teacher is the subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects.  · Some students become passive and take knowledge without question.  · The oppressor in this case the teachers don’t like change.  · The oppressor must avoid the threat of student consciousness.  · Students must be slaves and shouldn’t be allowed to have the same thinking process as the teacher.  · The educator’s job is to regulate how the information enters the mind of the student.  · The banking concept attempts to control thinking and action, leads men to adjust to the world and inhibits their creative power. Problem Posing  · Through dialogue the teacher of the students and the students of the teacher cease to ...

South China Sea and the factors and effects of establishing a Research Paper

South China Sea and the factors and effects of establishing a multi-national joint force command - Research Paper Example Joint forces ought to achieve operational effectiveness. The United States Code provides doctrines that specify the hierarchy of obtaining joint forces’ effectiveness.2 Bearing in mind that most countries the challenges that have been mentioned, every nation regards stability of its economy as a vital aspect because it determines the country’s economic influence and survival in the current global economy that is characterized by stiff competition. Stability of a country’s stability is determined by macroeconomic factors such as its Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Precisely, a country’s stability is directly related to the country’s aggregate GDP. Therefore, it is vital that countries maintain their stability, through stabilization of their economies at all times. On the other hand, it should be noted that a country’s national and economic stability faces various external and emerging factors such as terrorism, inflation, political influences, and even the emergence of a multinational joint force structure. Most of these factors tend to have a negative impact on the country’s economy, therefore, leading to economic and social instability causing a decline in growth and development. As a result, such instabilities may lead to poverty and unemployment, which may emerge as serious national issues. In addition, such issues may lead to further degeneration of the country’s economy, leading to possible events of emigration and poor living standards. Multinational partnerships or alliances are defined as an agreed upon partnership between two or more countries that have shared principles, a common view of threats, and a commitment to greater global security3.The partnerships reached, should aid in ensuring that there are mutual benefits that are derived from such coalitions directly aiding in the stability of a nation. Different nations have collaborated with each other in the

Question 1&2&3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Question 1 - Essay Example This takes the form of controlling cargo storage and distribution via the most relevant ways. Product quality is fundamental to the undertaking of these activities, and therefore only the best company in terms of its logistics is chosen. c) Internal coherent and competent logistics should be accounted for in considering any given company. Such a company should be pursuing entries into newly opened market opportunities. Resource portfolio of the company is important in determining the strategy to adopt. Where resources are not adequate, internal strategies may be adopted, but this may consequently necessitate outsourcing some well-defined operations to a third party within the same level of logistics as the outsourcing company. d) A recent entrant company in the manufacturing industry makes a good choice. Such a company undertakes vigorous activities in its operations in a bid to improve the output level. The principle focus here is the product design, manufacturing process and the vo lume of product sales. Cargo handling in both storage and distribution of raw materials and final products is handled by an external party through outsourcing arrangements. Question 2 a) Quick response: This is a system in which decision pertaining to amounts of orders and times of replenishment are made by the retailer. On the other hand, POS data analysis is handled by the supply side. The importance of data analysis by suppliers is that it allows for an effective means though which future predictions can be made, consequently making it possible to make plans and schedules of production. A quick response is best suited for newly interacting retailer-supplier, where each is uncertain about the other. Inventories are controlled by the retailer, although POS data availed to suppliers can improve their operational performance. Lack of adequate resources to affirm the relationship between the retailer and the supplier necessitate quick response practices. b) Continuous replenishment: P OS data are made available to the vendors through this system. This provision is tailored towards the realization of shipment activities that are further necessary in the maintenance of a desired inventory characteristic. Shipping frequency is agreed upon at an earlier stage and all the guidelines to the system outlined in order to ensure that the inventory exhibits the required characteristics and amounts. This system strikes a balance between quick response and Vendor-Managed Inventory system. In this case lesser risks are taken relative to VMI, and at the same time, retailer-supplier relationship is well defined in this system as opposed to quick response system. c) VMI (Vendor-Managed Inventory system): Levels of inventory to maintain in the system are solely determined by the suppliers. Policies are formulated and implemented to ensure that the agreed upon inventory levels are observed. Replenishments in this system are taken care of by the vendors. This replenishment managemen t by the vendors does not take place automatically; rather, it is the retailers that charge the vendors with a full responsibility to do that. VMI system is complex, and a strong buyer-seller relationship need to be upheld. An effective VMI system realizes a general system saving, contrary to the other two types of retailer-supplier partnerships. Question 3 The manufacturing company is undergoing pressure from the retailer in regard to delivery and

Strategy Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategy Implementation - Essay Example This paper compares and contrasts the roles for strategy implementation, identifies the resources required for its implementation and assesses what measures and timescales can be used to achieve this strategy implementation for British Airways. Strategy Direction Defining and determining strategic direction involve specifying the images, structures and characters that the firm thinks to develop over time. As Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2008, p. 350) pointed, strategic direction is normally framed within the contexts of the conditions like opportunities and threats that strategic leaders expect their organization to face in its near future. Daft (2009, p. 58) has also put forward almost similar view that strategy direction is a process that typically begins with the assessment of opportunities and threats in the external environment, including change, uncertainty, resources available etc. Matha, Boehm and Silverman (2008, p. 47) found that strategy direction is based on how employees hear about the strategy and how they do involve in it. A firm with long-term strategic direction probably will have to consider two basic elements, they are core ideology and an envisioned future. The first one is to motivate its people through the organization al culture and company’s heritage, and the second one encourages them to draw out of their expectations of accomplishments (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2008, p. 350). As depicted in the figure above, managing a firm’s resource portfolio, maintaining organizational culture and emphasizing ethical practices are highly critical factors affecting determining of the strategic direction. Roles and Responsibilities of strategy implementation Strategy implementation is connected with creating a portfolio of the strategic programs and secondly it involves attracting, allocating and managing all the necessary resources to deliver these strategic programs. Strategy implementation represents a specific pattern of decisions and actions that are intended to carry out a particular plan in an organization. When it comes to the case of British Airways, the company is widely known for effective corporate strategies like technology and business innovation, customer-enabled business strat egy or customer focus (Egger and Buhalis, 2008, p. 272), supreme customer services, service orientation etc. At British Airways, once the strategy has been determined, the management team responsible for the strategy implementation must translate the strategy program in to appropriate tactical plans, processes, programs and budgets. Operating plans and programs for each function are to be developed in this stage. In implementing the strategy of customer focus or innovation, the management of the British Airways prepares a plan including timetables, milestones and details of the organization’s risk management as well (Atkin and Brooks, 2009, p. 22). As compared to this, the strategy implementation in Virgin Atlantic is mainly influenced by the strategic vision of its top management and quality and entrepreneurial drive of the management teams (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000, p. 34). The strategy implementation in Virgin Atlantic is thus closely linked to the top managementâ₠¬â„¢s vision and it takes those steps that the management instructs. A strategy is planned and developed mainly

What Is Illegal Racing Education Essay

What Is Illegal Racing Education Essay Illegal racing can also be street racing. There are many types of Illegal racing, street racing such as Drag racing, touge racing and Cannonball runs. Street racing is a race which involves two or more competitors who drive in a straight line for a specifield distance of a  ¼ mile. The basic skill of Drag racing are the ability to launch with ideal wheelspin and shitting as fast as possible. Besides that,that is Touge racing also know as driffing which is very famous in Japan. In Japanese Touge means mountain pass, because these races are held on mountain roads and pases. Examples of such roads include Del Dios Highway in Escondido, California and Mount Haruna, on the island of Honshu, in Japan.Cannonball Run, more commonly know as sprints, are illegal point to point round rallies that involve a handful of racers. 2.0 Presentation Analysis Nowaday Illegal street racing is very common by many teenagers.This can be seen while we on the round, many of them ride their motorcycle with the dangerous condition. It is believe that, teenagers are easily involved in Illegal street racing because of many reason. For instance the effect of their friends. It could be worse if we dont take any action order to decreased the number of teenagers who involved in Illegal street racing. Because of their attitudes, the number of accident increasing day by day. Firstly, the cause that made teenagers involved in illegal racing is affect by their friend. For example, when their friends call them to do something new and dangerous action while ride the motorcycle, they will easily accept it. This example made it clear that many of teenager, they like to show off with one another in order to get praise from their friends. It is obvious that, friends have big influence in teenager life. Many of them only thinks about the happiness without think about the disadvantages. 2.1 Cause of illegal street racing 2.1.1 Teenagers are mostly influenced by their friends As we can see, almost all of street racing is in the youth group. Their thinking, attitude and action were influenced by their peers. A most of them follow their friends rather that their own parents and teacher advice. This will very dangerous if they follow they follow the wrong path, for example illegal street racing. This is why the amount of the illegal racing increasing from day by day. 2.1.2 Teenagers feel curiosity Next, the cause of illegal racing is also because of them are curiosity. Meaning to say that a most of teenagers desire to try something new and challenging in their life. This is one factor that attracts them into the illegal racing. Their also felt that is very admirable and outstanding if they can win the race and show their driving skills such as riding in the high speed or get away from the police road blocks. They also love to break the law, because they think that it is just an amusement. People who will break the law will be a cool and great person. They will be respect by among of the illegal racer. 2.1.3 Parents should spend more time and care about their children As all know, rich family usually faces a problem with their children when the parents only have little time for family. When they are too busy handling their business and had to ignore to their children. Most of the street racers are from a wealthy family claimed that they were given too much money and freedom by their parents and no one to cares about them is also one of the factors make them involve in to street racing activity. They feel that no one family members are really care about where and what they are doing when they out of the house. Their family or the one not cares about them so they are having too much freedom from their family. 2.1.4 Money matter They also coming from a poor family forces them to join into illegal racing in order to get the prize of money when who won the race. Many of them really need money to support their own because they cant get it from their own parents. Most of them also need money to upgrade their motorbike to become more powerful, sometimes it will cost them a lump sum amount of money. 2.1.5 Mass media affect all people Many of people are easily influence thru mass media especially is teenagers. Mass media can be translated thru advertising, etc for people. Example mass media influenced the illegal racing through film or dramas that show about the action of illegal racing. 2.4 Effect of Illegal Racing 2.4.1 Effects to individual When they get the free time will be wasted with unuseful things or work like illegal race. They not interested towards the learn and read because it so bored and silly. So, their education will be distracted. Being alcoholic, gambling are also their social problem, they become rude and dont have any moral value to each other .Even though they are not a legal road user and dont have any driving license, and they still take a risky bike ride. Some of them cost their life with dangerous bike ride in an example trying to escape from police road block and fight with police. Now illegal street racing make by them as a new entertainment activity and new trend among our teenagers. 2.4.2 Effect to parent Sometime, both of parent and children does not have time with their children and this caused the children joined the illegal street racing by their bad friend. Youngsters who get involved with illegal racing, always being rude with their parents. Their children joined the illegal street racing group, their parents will as a victims if they have a problem example collision of bike ride and catch by police in illegal race, so it make their family ashamed with them. Giving a bad image to their parents will drop their family dignity. 2.4.3 Effect to community This activities might be harmful to other people and also interrupt community with bike noisy. It any illegal racing was bothered by a police they also make a police as their victims. The illegal street racing groups buddies also not respects to community elders. So, it will create unexpected to this group. 2.4.4 Effect to our country The illegal street racing activities always happen in our country. This scenario was series and cause to be worried. Government of our country have to face a trouble to solve illegal racing issues. This will make the youngster careless about our country development, because of increasing cases like murdered, rapist and robbers who involved in the illegal street racing. The illegal racing activities existence to contribute bad image to nation. Its involvements of illegal racing cause an increasingly in accident rate of motorcycle and stolen of motorcycle are correlated in illegal racing activities. Government must to increase fine and punishment to make street riser alert that government was series to decrease this problem. youngster who addicted to illegal racing had make them to lose our Malaysian cultural and not appreciate our Malaysian freedom. From these activities issues will make the police to treat them like a criminal, sent summons to them and confiscate their motorcycle. 2.4.5 Effect to the religion The illegal street racing activities will affect the repudiation of their religious. They were being no money value in their selves like being rude to parents and elders. They also not respects to their religion as example being alcoholic even religion restrict them to do that. They also neglect the religion need them to do. They take alcoholic drinks although it is not pleased not the behavior of not respecting their religious but still they keep on doing it. 2.5 Solution 2.5.1 National Service During this programmer, teenagers will be taught by many experienced teachers. The teenagers also can find more friends participating in national service. Besides that, teenagers can fill up their time by participating in the national service. The program of national service also gave all kind of training, hopefully can change their attitude. 2.5.2 School The school counselors should give a talk to remind the students about how illegal street racing will affect them and the reputation of the school. 2.5.3 Parent Parent is also so important, because both of parent and children does not have time with their children and this caused the children joined the illegal street racing. So parent sure spend more time with them children .Beside that, parent must give more care them children. 2.5.4 Government Government can promote the dangerous of illegal street racing by organizing campaigns and events to create the awareness of the effect of Illegal racing to themselves, society and the country. 2.6 Conclusions The conclusion is all parties must responsible to care our teenagers for our country to the future. Parent must spend more time with them children and give more attention for their children. Besides that, the school counselors should give a talk to remind the students about how illegal street racing will affect them and the reputation of the school. One more important thing is we must choose the right friend because friend will affect our daily life. Finally illegal racing also cause their parent worry about them. Parent, neighbor and friend also worry about them. This case will occurs accident, when accidents occur, they need to spend a lot of money to treat and waste their time. So, when their friend invite them go to racer, they should ignore any invite and think about their parents, neighbor and friend. They should spend their time in meaningful activity example join some volunteer, help parents doing household duties thus. Introduction for Question 2 What is Information Technology, information technology is by using the term of information technology (IT) was a phrase that was used by those who worked in place like college, school and hospital to processed or store them information. The information technology can be used for study, design support and operation. 3.1 Presentation Analysis of Finding How Information Technology (IT) influence our college student? 3.1.1 Communication We can communication with our lecture by using email and SMS, essential to communicate and effectively. It can help us to get closer with the lectures, when we have any problem or question we can easily find them and discuss with them. 3.1.2 Multimedia presentation For our college student a presentation consisting of pictures and words that is designed to foster meaningful learning. We also can use it for presentation example: Power point, Microsoft office and Microsoft Excel. 3.1.3 Web storage We can storage the holds data, instructions, and information on the web for future use. We can also store privacy document and folder so that can prevent from the computer hacker to hack into our computer system, this function also can pack up our pass assignment, home work and exam. 3.1.4 Creation of New Jobs One of the advantage of Information Technology (IT) is it can create many new job in the country so that the unemployment rate will be lower. For our college student we can search different types of the jobs over of the world. 3.1.5 Storing and protecting information Information technology (IT) also can protect our data and information from being hacked or wiped out in case of any technical failure. So that, student can safety save their privacy document and fold on computer without any virus corrupt that fold. 3.1.6 Internet access Not only communicate with lecture, student also can do many things by using internet. They can improve from others knowledge or experiences. In chat room, we can share any ideas and information and learn about the many diverse cultures over there. Besides that, Internet also can help student who are no English skills to learn English. Nowadays most of the college or university will upload student result on the internet, so that student can using internet check their results from any part country or word 3.1.7 Online result Nowadays, most of the college and education boards provide results on the Internet. So that, student can checks their result by using internet on anywhere. 3.1.8 E-Library E-library is a electronic library and it is contain more than thousand book, magazine and newspaper. Student can read book and refer note and find refers book from the e-library. When we want to find refers book we can just log in to the e-library to get the book. 3.1.9 Online education Internet provides the facility to get online education. We can download the lectures notes or tutorials on we own computer. We also can listens with repeatedly by lectures and get a lot of knowledge. It is also very cheap and easy way to get education. 3.1.10 learning resources Now,there are more and more learning resources in the internet by the Information Technology.Through the extra learning resources,i can easily search for information online and collect data for my tasks.In a way,this will help me to understand better of what im actually doing in an assigment.The leaning resources brings a wider information line in the education which help me to get to know more things and learn more. 3.1.11 Distance learning I can study online instead of studying in a classroom.With this method i can study by staying at home or home study with a computer.It helps in saving my travel cost and expenses to go to the school.This method is also an effective way to learn because we can easily get information online where the lecturer will use various ways to deliver information. 4.0 conclusions

Macbeth Issues Essay -- essays research papers

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, there are many issues that may have had an affect on the play. The complex marriage between the power hungry Macbeths, lady Macbeth’s dominant character directing Macbeth in the murders, the role reversal during the murders, Macbeth’s reaction to his wife’s death, and male and female marriages for authority. When analyzed these issues help describe the Macbeth’s relationship. They are the very issues that eventually lead to the â€Å"Great Tragedy†. The relationship of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a complex one. Macbeth in the beginning does not come across to us as dominant. He more so looks to Lady Macbeth for comfort, assurance, and direction.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Go get some water And wash your hand. Why did you bring these daggers from the palace? They must lie there. Go, carry them and smear The sleepy grooms with blood.† (Act II, Scene 2) Here Lady Macbeth directs Macbeth what to do after the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeth takes control of their situation. †Lady Macbeth brought a directness, a practicality, an inability to see difficulties in a good cause†. Says Barbara Everette in â€Å"Macbeth As A Married Couple†. This shows how much Lady Macbeth’s views were a major part in their relationship. Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth corrupted their relationship with their struggle for power. They both felt the need for authority, which as a result lead to their downfall. In the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth comes across to us as evil-willed and ready to do any and everyt...

Nescafe and Its Enterprise Type

Nescafe, one of the top ten most valuable brands in the world, has over 50% instant coffee market share of the world, followed by General Food, Maxwell House and Brooke Bond. It’s so successful that some people in some of the Asian country such as China think that instant coffee is the whole world of coffee in 1990s. Such impressive influences come from Nescafe’s insight on the market situation and its own capability, fast response and feasible strategies. On this analysis, we will try to define instant coffee’s market as a standard cycle market. Giving its characteristic, we will see what strategy Nescafe created to maintain the sustainable growth and continue generating rents. We will give example on what Nescafe did in China to analyze the entry barrier, convergence, oligopolistic scale orchestration, etc. We consider instant coffee market as the standard cycle based on the following concerns: 1. Convergence: Both Nescafe and Maxwell were the earliest two instant coffee providers in China. They entered the market in late 1970s. For a decade from 1980 to 1990, coffee could be only found in Hotel and high-end restaurants, but not in stores or supermarkets. Those 10 years seems a conflict with the convergence of standard cycle which normally took around 4 years. However, because the demand on coffee was so low at that moment, I would not consider those 10 years as part of the convergence of standard cycle. Instead, I would say the convergence of instant coffee market started from 1990. At that moment, Chinese people was getting rich thanks to the reform and opening-up policy. Nevertheless, the price of a cup of Nescafe coffee is around 30 times of that of apples. In 1992, Nescafe started its production in China and making Nescafe cheaper and more accessible. Nescafe did exceptionally well in 1990s when it made â€Å"Nestle† a symbol of coffee. However, it didn’t take much long that the price of Nescafe dropped rapidly to the same as several apples. This time line fitted the standard cycle convergence. And today, we can see that a small bag of Nescafe costs less than an apple in the super markets. 2. Alignment As I said above, Nescafe played really well in the China market. It knew the market and its own capability, and adopted the right strategies. We will see how it did such a nice job in those 3 points separately: 3. Markets: China’s instant coffee was a brand new market back to 1990. There were no more than 5 companies providing instant coffee there. All of them were foreign companies and no one had its own factories in China. Foreign companies required approval from Chinese government to build factories there. In 1990s, Chinese instant coffee market was booming regarding to people’s acceptance on coffee an d large population base. As TV got more and more popular, brand loyalty were easier to build through advertisement and people tend to be sticky to the brand with the first taste. . 2 Capabilities: As the biggest instant coffee provider, Nescafe has the capital and reputation advantage to set up a factory in China. Its over 100 year management and marketing experience should help them to open emerging market easily. Its exceptionally and traditionally well-arranged and warm advertisement would touch the soul of the Chinese people. The entry barrier to set up an instant coffee factory was quite high. It not only required huge investment but also a minimum production which may exceed the market demand in the early stage of the market. 3. 3 Strategies: Nescafe set up its production line in 1992, and made effort to build up a strong sales network, management team which were not easy to duplicated by competitors. Meanwhile, they differentiate themselves as the high quality coffee provider at the very beginning, focusing on quality control and manufacturing process, keeping promoting that core value, so that they set up an reputation line that is hardly exceeded by its competitors. For a standard cycle market, an easy exit level is also very important. However, it’s not easy to achieve in the instant coffee market because it require a huge investment on property, plant and equipments. Once the market turns to competitive market as what it looks like today, the sunken investment would be huge and companies may have to keep producing and struggle to survive. 3. Segmentation of Cost Leadership and Differentiate We took Nescafe, Maxwell, Brooke Bond and some other local brand such as Super Coffeemix as example. Nescafe, Maxwell and Brooke Bond control over 70% of the instant coffee in China, and they are the oligopolistic players in the market. They differentiate themselves from quality, tastes, innovation and customer experiences. The rest 30% market share are controlled by many of the local small coffee producers who are competing on prices. Cost Leadership| Differentiate| Super CoffeeMix $5 / 100g| Nescafe $10 / 100g| Most other local brand| Brooke Bond $ 8. 2 / 100g| |   |   | Maxwell $ 7. 8 / 100g| From the above table, we can see that almost all of the Chinese local brand are in the circle of cost leadership because they are usually lack of systematic quality control, avoid excessive marketing investment, don’t need to concern social responsibility. Those brands took over 30% – 40% of the market share in Tier 2 cities in China. On the contrary, Nescafe, Brooke Bond, and Maxwell differentiated themselves with quality, various favors, and providers of coffee-along products such as sugar, milk power etc. They try to build some connection between their coffee and a sweet, relaxed and high quality life. An advertisement from Nescafe shows a lady sitting beside a round table, under a fantastic weather and enjoying her afternoon tea time with some dimsum. After tasting the Nescafe, she closed her eyes, seemed very pleased and satisfied, and appreciated â€Å"It tastes so good†. This advertisement happened in the 1990s and was so popular that making Nescafe as a symbol of sweet life. 4. Scale Orchestration’s four sections 5. 4 Scale: Nestle fully takes advantage of its scale. Nestle brought its Nescafe to China in 1978, and established its first factory in China in 1990. In 2010, Nestle accumulatively makes over 8. 3 billion RMB (around 1. 3 billion USD)Foreign Direct Investment in China , hires over 14,000 employees, runs 22 factories and sold out over 1. 5 million pieces of Nescafe products every day. It takes over 25% of the instant coffee in China, a market values over 5. billion RMB ( around 0. 8 billion USD) and grows over 15% per year. 5. 5 Learning: Nestle has a very well arranged and systematic employee training program. High-performing employees are invited to Headquarter in Swiss education center to have further management trainings. From 2000, Nestle China started the first two-year â€Å"Nestle (China) Management Development Plan† aiming to promote 500 local employees to management level in 2010 to enforce the localization strategy. Besides, Nestle also provides advanced technology and solutions to farmers and helps them to plant the high quality coffee bean in China. 5. Product: Nescafe has much more diversified products now than before. It has Nescafe 3+1, Nescafe Cappuccino, Nescafe Classic, Nescafe Decaf. It also has over 10 different favors, include powder bag and beverage, different package either to help making coffee easier or to be elegant to send as gift. Beyond the rich aroma and delicious tastes from the coffee, Nescafe try to provide further connection on efficiency, relaxation, stimulation, health and graveness through its products. 5. 7 Process: After over 20 year business running in China, Nescafe found its way to continue stable and sustainable growth in China. It has its Labeling Standards which is the instruction to define logo, color, letter font, paragraph distance, and Package Design Manual which makes sure package style and materials are globally standardized. Besides, Nescafe also cut down its global media partners to 5 major advertisement agents. This strategy not only helps Nescafe to have precise cost control, but also guarantee its advertisement to be in a more consistent format and to provide the same mainstream idea in a certain period. All those four section make a generic structure which helps Nescafe to be successful in a standard cycle. . Can Nescafe turn into a long-cycle market player? The critical element in the long-cycle market is the strong isolating mechanisms. The key player in the market set up the monopoly power by lifting the entry barriers, without spending too much investment to create economic scale. Can Nescafe try to set up some strong isolating mechanisms to take over the market? It’s possible but ve ry hard. 6. 8 Brand Lock-in As the earliest instant coffee producer who established a well-known brand name in China. Try to set up brand lock-in is the easiest way for Nescafe to create isolating mechanism. By heavy investment on media advisement, Nescafe is having loyalty from a majority of consumers who works in office and has to work late. 6. 9 Resource barriers Yunnan Province in China is the best place to cultivate coffee bean because of its mild wet weather. Nescafe convinced the local farmers to plant coffee bean from 1990s. Through last 20 years, Nescafe provided training to those farmers, increased the beans’ quality and production. If Nescafe is able to collect the best quality beans from Yunnan, it will set up resource barriers to prevent competitors from competing on quality. . Does the instant coffee market tend to turn into fast-cycle? Capital investment is not a critical entry barrier for instant coffee market any more. If tracking the instant coffee products in the market, we will see new products (new package, new favor or new cafe component, etc) are launched much faster than before. It’s not only because the taste of consumers are keeping changing quickl y, but also because instant coffee producers are investing more on R&D and creating more selling ideas in order to maintain a sustainable profit. Regarding instant coffee is kind of commodity which is hard to differentiate, economics of scale would not help to keep the sustainability because price drops even faster. Besides, weak brand loyalty, rapid globalization even fading the product value. Nevertheless, it’s very difficult to minimize the exit barriers. Giving the competitive instant coffee market, there shouldn’t be any more new player joining it. In sum, Nescafe position itself quite well in the market, response quickly to market change, adopt suitable strategy to keep its sustainable growth. It’s a good example to analyze by using the tools we learned from course.

Two Kinds

Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, 5th Edition Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell Table of Contents Preface 1. Understanding Literature Imaginative Literature Conventional Themes The Literary Canon Luisa Valenzuela, â€Å"All about Suicide† Wole Soyinka, â€Å"Telephone Conversation† Thinking Critically Interpreting Literature Evaluating Literature The Function of Literary Criticism Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism 2. Reading and Writing About Literature Reading Literature Previewing Highlighting Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols Maya Angelou, â€Å"My Arkansas† Annotating Writing About LiteraturePlanning an Essay Considering your Audience Understanding Your Purpose Writing To Respond Writing To Interpret Writing To Evaluate Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Keeping a Journal Seeing Connections: Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Revising and Editing an Essay Strategies for Revision The Revi sion Process Thesis Statement Support Topic Sentences Introductions and Conclusions Sentences and Words Using and Documenting Sources Checklist: Using Sources Checklist: Conventions for Writing About Literature Exercise: Two Student PapersStudent Paper: â€Å"Initiation into Adulthood† Student Paper: â€Å"Hard Choices† FICTION 3. Understanding Fiction Defining Fiction The Short Story Gary Gildner, â€Å"Sleepytime Gal† Margaret Atwood, â€Å"Happy Endings† *Jonathan Safran Foer, â€Å"A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease â€Å" A Final Note 4. Reading and Writing About Fiction Reading Fiction Active Reading Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Writing About Fiction Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Read Essay In Westminster Abbey AnalysisStudent Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† First Draft First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Second Draft Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Final Draft Final Draft Commentary 5. Plot Conflict Stages of Plot Order and Sequence A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Plot Kate Chopin, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Nadine Gordimer, â€Å"Once upon a Time† *Stephen Dobyns, â€Å"Kansas† William Faulkner, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Lorrie Moore, â€Å"How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes)† Writing Suggestions: Plot 6. Character Round and Flat CharactersDynamic and Static Characters Motivation Checklist: Writing About Character John Updike, â€Å"A & P† Katherine Mansfield, â€Å"Miss Brill† Charles Baxter, â€Å"Gryphon† *Jhumpa Lahiri, â€Å"The Third and Final Continentâ₠¬  *Mary Ladd Gavell, â€Å"The Swing† Writing Suggestions: Character 7. Setting Historical Setting Geographical Setting Physical Setting Checklist: Writing About Setting Kate Chopin, The Storm Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona *Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing *Pam Houston, Cowboys Are My Weakness Writing Suggestions: Setting 8. Point of View First Person NarratorUnreliable Narrators Third Person Narrator Omniscient Limited Omniscient Objective Selecting an Appropriate Point of View Limited Omniscient Point of View First-Person Point of View (Child) First-Person Point of View (Adult) Omniscient Point of View Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review Checklist: Writing about Point of View *Bessie Head, Looking for a Rain God Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man *Gish Jen, Chin William Faulkner, Barn Burning Writing Suggestions: Point of View 9. Style, Tone, and Language Styl e and Tone The Uses of Language Formal and Informal DictionImagery Figures of Speech A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language James Joyce, Araby *Andrea Barrett, The Littoral Zone Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language 10. Symbol and Allegory Literary Symbols Recognizing Symbols The Purpose of Symbols Allegory Checklist: Writing About Symbol and Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Alice Walker, Everyday Use *Raymond Carver, Cathedral *Richard Russo, DogWriting Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory 11. Theme Interpreting Themes (Understanding Theme in Portable) Identifying Themes Checklist: Writing About Theme David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables Eudora Welty, A Worn Path *Rick Bass, The Fireman Writing Suggestions: Theme 12. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†? Elaine R. Hedges, Scudder’s Comment on â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar, From The Madwoman in the Attic Ann J. Lane, From To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Denise D. Knight, ed. , Charlotte Perkins Gilman, From The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Petition to the New Jersey Legislature Judiciary Committee of the New Jersey Assembly, Response to the Petition by Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell Lise Stevens, Postpartum Depression Patricia J. Williams, Beyond the Village Pale Topics for Further Research 13. Joyce Carol Oates’ Where are You Going, Where have You Been? A Casebook for Reading Research, and Writing Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, From In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie’s Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Mike Tierce and John Michael Grafton, From Connie’s Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend† Bob Dylan, It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue Joyce M. Wegs, â€Å"Don’t You Know Who I Am? † The Grotesque in Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? †Laura Kalpakian, Where Are you Going, Where Have You Been (book review) Stephen Slimp, Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Don Moser, The Pied Piper of Tuscon The Pied Piper of Hamelin Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood Topics for Further Research Student Paper 14. Fiction for Further Reading *Chinua Ac hebe, Dead Man’s Path Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson *Donald Barthelme, City of Churches *Amy Bloom, Hold Tight T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake *Ethan Canin, The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds *Stephen Crane, The Open Boat *Junot Diaz, Aguantado Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The DisappearanceLouise Erdrich, Fleur Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children *Tim Gautreaux, Same Place, Same Things Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark *Raj Kamal Jha, Domestic Help Ha Jin, Sabateur James Joyce, Eveline Jamaica Kincaid, Girl Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee Herman Melville, Bartleby the Scribner Alice Munro, Boys and Girls *V. S. Naipaul, B. Wordsworth Joyce Carol Oates, Shopping *Flannery O’Connor, Good Country People Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Carol Shields, Fifteen Minutes in the Life of Larry Weller John Steinbeck, The ChrysanthemumsAmy Tan, Two Kinds Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland POETRY 15. Understan ding Poetry Marianne Moore, Poetry Nikki Giovanni, Poetry Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica Defining Poetry William Shakespeare, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold Louis Zukofsky, I Walk in the Old Street e. e. cummings, l(a Approaching Poetry Recognizing Kinds of Poetry Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry 16. Discovering Themes in Poetry Adrienne Rich, A Woman Mourned by Daughters Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty Second Year Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father In the Navy: A Childhood Memory Poems About ParentsTheodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Lucille Clifton, My Mama Moved among the Days Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Simon J. Ortiz, My Father’s Song *Yehuda Amichai, My Father *Jill Bialosky, The Boy Beheld his Mother’s Past Poems about Love Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd Thomas Cam pion, There Is a Garden in Her Face William Shakespeare, My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun Robert Browning, Meeting at Night Robert Browning, Parting At MorningElizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation Sylvia Plath, Wreath for a Bridal Ted Hughes, A Pink Wool Knitted Dress Poems About War Rupert Brooke, The Soldier Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead Denise Levertov, What Were They Like *Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime Boris Slutsky, How Did They Kill My GrandmotherBilly Joel, Goodnight Saigon Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It *Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning 17. Reading and Writing About Poetry Reading Poetry Active Reading Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Robert Hayden, Th ose Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Writing About Poetry Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)Second Draft Commentary Student Paper, Digging For Memories (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 18. Voice Emily Dickinson, I’m Nobody! Who Are You? The Speaker in the Poem Louise Gluck, Gretel in Darkness Leonard Adame, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum Langston Hughes, Negro Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note *Deborah Garrison, An Idle Thought *James Tate, Nice Car, Camille *Dorianne Laux, The Shipfitter’s Wife The Tone of the Poem Robert Frost, Fire and Ice Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed Amy Lowell, Patterns Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us Sylvia Plath, Morning Song Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time *Steve Kowit, The Grammar Lesson Irony Robert Browning, Porphyria’s Lover Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias Ariel Dorfman, Hope W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen Anne Sexton, Cinderella Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham *Sherman Alexie, How to Write the Great American Indian Novel *Rachel Rose, What We Heard about the Japanese *Rachel Rose, What the Japanese Perhaps Heard Checklist: Writing about Voice Writing Suggestions: Voice 9. Word Choice, Word Order Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words Word Choice Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin e. e. cummings, in Just- Theodore Roethke, I Knew a Woman *Robert Pinsky, ABC Levels of Diction Margaret At wood, The City Planners Jim Sagel, Baca Grande *Wanda Coleman, Sears Life *Mark Halliday, The Value of Education Barbara L. Greenberg, The Faithful Wife Richard Wilbur, For the Student Strikers Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight Dialect Faye Kicknosway, GracieRobert Burns, John Anderson My Jo Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Word Order Edmund Spenser, One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town A. E. Housman, To An Athlete Dying Young Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun Checklist: Writing About Word Choice, Word Order Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order 20. Imagery Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to be Said for the Iron Age Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure Michael Chitwood, Division *Lam Thi My Da, Washing Rice *Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Alley of Flowers *Edward Hirsch, M an on a Fire Escape *Maxine Kumin, Vignette *Michael McFee, Valentine’s Afternoon Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay Jean Toomer, Reapers Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est Checklist: Writing about Imagery Writing Suggestions: Imagery 21. Figures of Speech William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? Simile, Metaphor, and Personification Langston Hughes, Harlem Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity Audre Lorde, Rooming Houses Are Old WomenRobert Burns, Oh, My Love Is like A Red, Red, Rose John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning *E. B. White, Natural History *Bei Dau, A Bouquet *Martin Espada, My Father as Guitar *Mary Jo Salter, Kangaroo Hyperbole and Understatement Sylvia Plath, Daddy David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Robert Fr ost, Out, Out— Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner Margaret Atwood, You Fit Into Me *Sherod Santos, Spring ElegyMetonymy and Synecdoche Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars *Thomas Lux, Henry Clay’s Mouth Apostrophe Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa *Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California Checklist: Writing About Figures of Speech Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech 22. Sound Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice Rhythm Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud Meter Emily Dickinson, I Like to See It Lap the Miles Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After Alliteration and Assonance Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle N. Scott Momaday, Comparatives Robert Herrick, Delight in DisorderRhyme Ogden Nash, The Llama Richard Wilbur, A Sketch Gerald Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening *Kelly Cherry, Nobody’s Fool *Lydia Davis, A Mown Lawn *Robert Francis, Pitcher *Alan Shapiro, A P arting Gift *Mona Van Duyn, The Beginning Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky Checklist: Writing About Sound Writing Suggestions: Sound 23. Form John Keats, On the Sonnet *Billy Collins, Sonnet Closed Form Blank Verse Stanza The Sonnet William Shakespeare, When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes Claude McKay, The White City John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s HomerGwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle *Mona Van Duyn, Minimalist Sonnet The Sestina Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina The Villanelle Theodore Roethke, The Waking William Meredith, In Memory of Donald A. Stauffer The Epigram Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram *Martin Espada, Why I Went to College Haiku Richard Brautigan, Widow’s Lament Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku Carolyn Kizer, After Basho Open Form Carl Sandburg, Chicago Louise Gluck, Life is a Nice Place e. e. cummings, the sky was can dy Walt Whitman, from Out of the Cradl e Endlessly RockingDiane Wakoski, Sleep Robert Hayden, Monet’s Waterlillies William Carlos Williams, Spring and All Carolyn Forche, The Colonel *Pat Mora, Immigrants *Czeslaw Milosz, Christopher Robin Concrete Poetry May Swenson, Women George Herbert, Easter Wings *Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees Checklist: Writing About Form Writing Suggestions: Form 24. Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth William Blake, The Sick Rose Symbol Robert Frost, For Once, Then Something Jim Simmerman, Child’s Grave, Hale County, Alabama Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes Be in Sicily Langston Hughes, Island Theodore Roethke, Night CrowAllegory Christina Rossetti, Uphill Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck Allusion Wole Soyinka, Future Plans William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide Delmore Schwartz, The True-Blue American Myth Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel Louise Erdrich, Windigo William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts *T. S. E liot, The Journey of the Magi *Elizabeth Holmes, The Fathers Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth Writing Suggestions: Symbol Allegory, Allusion, and Myth 25. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and WritingEmily Dickinson, â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I taste a liquor never brewed—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"â€Å"Heaven† – Is what I cannot reach! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Wild Nights—Wild Nights! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Soul Selects Her own Society† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Nature—sometimes sears a Sapling—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"After great pain, A formal feeling comes—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I Read My Sentence—Steadily—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"We grow accustomed to the Dark—†Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Much Madness is divinest Sense—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"This is my letter to the World† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I heard a fly buzz—when I died—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Brain—is wider than the Sky—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I dwell in Possibility—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Only News I know† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I never saw a Moor—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Bustle in a House† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"There is no Frigate like a Book† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"That Love is all there is,†Thomas H. Johnso n and Theodora Ward, From The Letters of Emily Dickinson Burdick, E. Miller, From Emily Dickinson and the Life of Language Judith Farr, From The Passion of Emily Dickinson Richard B. Sewall, From The Life of Emily Dickinson Judy Jo Small, From Positive as Sound: Emily Dickinson’s Rhyme Allen Tate, Emily Dickinson Shankar Vedantam, Did a Bipolar Trait bring a Turn for the Verse? Michael Ryan, Vocation According to Dickinson Suzanne Juhasz, Christanne Miller, and Martha Nell Smith, Emily Dickinson’s Feminist Humor James L. Dean, Dickinson’s â€Å"Wild Nights! † Research QuestionsStudent Paper The Musicality of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry 26. The Poetry of Langston Hughes: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues Langston Hughes, I, To Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord Langston Hughes, The Ballad of Booker T Langston Hughes, Theme for English B Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie Langston Hughes, Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963) Langston Hughes, Old Walt Langston Hughes, Genius Child Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight Langston Hughes, Park Bench Langston Hughes, The Un-American InvestigatorsLangston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me Langston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain Langston Hughes, To Negro Writers Langston Hughes, My Adventures as a Social Poet Arnold Rampersad, The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes Herman Beavers, Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes Steven C. Tracy, â€Å"Midnight Ruffles of CatGut Lace†: The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes Karen Jackson Ford, Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes Aesthetics of Simplicity George B. Hutchinson, Langston Hughes and the â€Å"Other† Whitman C. D. Rogers, â€Å"Hughes’s ‘Genius Child’†Research Questions Student Paper: Challenging the Father/Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes’s  "The Negro Speaks of Rivers† 27. Poetry for Further Reading Sherman Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman Maya Angelou, Africa Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan Anonymous, Western Wind Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach *John Ashbery, Myrtle *Elizabeth Alexander, Apollo Margaret Atwood, This Is A Photograph of Me *Robin Behn, Whether or Not There Are Apples *Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper William Blake, The Lamb *William Blake, To See a World in a Grain of Sand William Blake, LondonWilliam Blake, The Tyger *Eavon Boland, The Emigrant Irish Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book Gwendolyn Brooks, The Ballad of Rudolph Reed Gwendolyn Brooks, The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty *Shulamith Wechter Caine, Intellectual Heritage *Raphael Campo, Oysters *Phyllis Capello, In Memory of Jenny and Evelyn Who Were Playing When the Stoop Collapsed *Lucille Clifton, the mississippi river empties into the gulf *Judith Ortiz Cofer, Claims Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan *Billy Collins, Lines Lost Among Trees Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge *Victor Hernandez Cruz, Anonymous e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill’s E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Brides Come to Yuba City John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God John Donne, Death Be Not Proud John Donne, Song *Mark Doty, A Display of Mackerel Rita Dove, The Satisfaction Coal Company *Gregory Djanikan, Immigrant Picnic *Stephen Dunn, Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock James A. Emanuel, Emmett TillLouise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night Robert Frost, Birches Robert Frost, Desert Places Robert Frost, Mending Wall Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening * Frederico Garcia Lorca, Arbole Arbole *Deborah Garrison, Please Fire Me Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa *Jorie Graham, I Was Taught Three H. D. , Heat H. D. , Helen *Marilyn Hacker, I’m Four *Rachel Hadas, Thick and Thin *Joy Harjo, Morning Song Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain Robert Hayden, Homage to the Empress of the Blues *Seamus Heaney, Mid-term BreakGerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover *Garett Kaoru Hongo, The Hongo Store 29 Miles Volcano Hilo, Hawaii *Andrew Hudgins, Desert Island Ted Hughes, Visit *Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood *Donald Justice, School Letting Out John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad John Keats, Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art John Keats, Ode on a Gredian Urn John Keats, When I Have Fears *Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street *Jane Kenyon, A Boy Goes into the World Philip Larkin, Aubade *Li-Young Lee, The Gift *Phillip Levine, Llanto Harry McC abe, Evening at the Shack Claude McKay, If We Must Die *James Merrill, Page from the Koran *M. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co. *Dan Nester, Pay Per View etude *Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys Party Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage *Frank O’Hara, Autobiographia Literaria *Mary Oliver, Alligator Poem Michael Ondaatje, Dates *Gregory Orr, Once the two of us Linda Pastan, Ethics Linda Pastan, Marks *Lucia Perillo, Scott Wonders if His Daughter Will Understand Tragedy if He Kills Rock and RollMarge Piercy, Barbie Doll Marge Piercy, The Friend *Robert Pinsky, If You Could Write One Great Poem, What Would You Want It to Be About? Sylvia Plath, Metaphors Sylvia Plath, Mirror Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory *Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest Carl Sandburg, Fog *S onia Sanchez, right on: white america Anne Sexton, Sylvia’s Death William Shakespeare, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds William Shakespeare, Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind Charles Simic, Spring *Louis Simpson, A Shearling Coat Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning Cathy Song, Lost Sister Gary Soto, Black Hair *Wole Soyinka, Hamlet Barry Spacks, On Finding a Yiddish Newspaper on the Riverside Line William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream *Mark Strand, Old Man Leaves a Party *Virgil Suarez, Aguacero Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses *John Updike, Rainbow Gina Valdes, My Mother Sews Blouses Margaret Walker, Lineage Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose James Welch, The Man from WashingtonPhyllis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider Walt Whitman, from Song of Myself *C. K. Williams, Tantrum William Carlos Williams, The Dance William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold William Wordsworth, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree William Butler Yeats, Sailing to ByzantiumWilliam Butler Yeats, The Second Coming 28. Biographical Sketches of Selected Poets DRAMA 29. Understanding Drama Dramatic Literature The Origins of the Modern Theater The Ancient Greek Theater The Elizabethan Theater The Modern Theater Kinds of Drama Tragedy Comedy A Note on Translations August Strindberg, The Stronger *Jane Martin, Beauty Reading Drama (only in Portable) 30. Reading and Writing About Drama Reading Drama Active Reading Previewing Highlighting or Annotating Writing About Drama Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to S ay Seeing Connections Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an OutlineDrafting an Essay Student Paper: The Women’s Role in Trifles (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft) Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 31. Plot Plot Structure Plot and Subplot Plot Development Flashbacks Foreshadowing Checklist: Writing About Plot Susan Glaspell, Trifles *Sam Shepard, True West Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House Writing Suggestions: Plot 32. Character Character’s Words Formal and Informal Language Plain and Elaborate Style Tone IronyCharacter’s Actions Stage Directions Actor’s Interpretations Checklist: Writing About Character Anton Chekov, The Brute Paddy Chayefsky, Marty *David Auburn, Proof Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman Writing Suggestions: Character 33. Staging Stage Directions The Uses of Stagi ng Costumes Props Scenery and Lighting Music and Sound Effects A Final Note Checklist: Writing About Staging Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer Sophocles, Oedipus the King William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream Writing Suggestions: Staging 34. Theme Titles Conflicts Dialogue Characters Staging A Final Note Checklist: Writing About ThemeWendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer *Margaret Edson, W;t Sophocles, Antigone August Wilson, Fences Writing Suggestions: Theme 35. Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Author’s Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition) James Fisher, From The Angels of Fructification Eric P. Levy, From Through the Soundproof Glass Jacqueline O’Connor, From Dramatizing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams Edwina Dakin Williams, Tennessee Williams, Dakin Williams, and Shepherd Meade, Excerpts from Thre e MemoirsJean Evans and Walter Wager, Excerpts from Two Interviews with Williams Thomas L. King, Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie Nancy Tischler, Nancy Marie Patterson, From A Student Companion to Tennessee Williams Roger B. Stein, From The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence Tom Scanlan, from Family, Drama, and American Dreams Roger Boxill, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Portrait of a Girl in Glass Topics for Further Research Student Paper: Laura’s Gentlemen Caller 36. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing William Shakespeare, HamletElizabeth Mullenix, Reitz, The Sublime or the Ridiculous? Siyang, Zhang, Hamlet’s Melancholy Vince Escanalar, Foils in Hamlet Mark Rose, From Reforming the Role Ellen J. O’Brien, From Revision by Excision: Rewriting Gertrude June Schlueter and James P. Lusardi, From Study to Stage to Classroom Sandra K. Fisher, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches Topics for Further Research Student Paper: â€Å"Reclaiming Shakespeare’s Gertrude: Rejecting Role Revisions on Stage and in Film† WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE 37. Three Common Writing Assignments 38. Writing a Research Paper Choosing a Topic Looking for Sources Narrowing Your TopicDoing Research Taking Notes Integrating Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Drafting a Thesis Statement Making an Outline Writing Your Paper Documenting Your Sources Parenthetical References in the Text Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References Sample References The List of Works Cited Informal Documentation Content Notes To Cite Several Sources To Provide Explanations Sample Literature Papers with MLA Documentation Student Paper, And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and act in Eudora Welty’s A Worn Path Student Paper: â€Å"A & P†: A Class Act 39. Using Literary Theory in Your Writing FormalismA Formalist Reading: Kate Chopan’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: For malism Reader-Response Criticism Reader-Response Reading’s: Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: Reader-Response Criticims Sociological Criticism Feminist Criticism A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Feminist Criticism Marxist Criticism A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Marxist Criticism New Historicism A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† For Further Reading: New Historicist CriticismPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic Terms A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† For Further Reading: Psychoanalytic Criticism Structuralism A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† For Further Reading: Structuralism Deconstruction A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O’Connor’s â €Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† For Further Reading: Deconstruction 40. Writing Essay Exams About Literature Planning an Essay Exam Answer Review Your Material Consider Your Audience and Purpose Read through the Entire Exam Read the Question CarefullyKey Words in Exam Questions Brainstorm to Find Ideas Shaping an Essay Exam Answer Stating a Thesis Making a Scratch Outline Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer Appendix A: Literary History: Aristotle to the Twentieth Century Beginnings: The Greeks and Romas (c. 450 b. c. – a. d. 400) The Middle Agesa (c. A. D. 400 – 1500) The Renaissance (c. 1500-1660) The Enlightenment (c. 1660 – 1798) The Romantic Period (1798 – 1837) The Victorian Period (1837 – 1901) The Modern Period (1901 – Present) Glossary of Literary Terms Acknowledgements Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry Two Kinds Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, 5th Edition Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell Table of Contents Preface 1. Understanding Literature Imaginative Literature Conventional Themes The Literary Canon Luisa Valenzuela, â€Å"All about Suicide† Wole Soyinka, â€Å"Telephone Conversation† Thinking Critically Interpreting Literature Evaluating Literature The Function of Literary Criticism Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism 2. Reading and Writing About Literature Reading Literature Previewing Highlighting Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols Maya Angelou, â€Å"My Arkansas† Annotating Writing About LiteraturePlanning an Essay Considering your Audience Understanding Your Purpose Writing To Respond Writing To Interpret Writing To Evaluate Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Keeping a Journal Seeing Connections: Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Revising and Editing an Essay Strategies for Revision The Revi sion Process Thesis Statement Support Topic Sentences Introductions and Conclusions Sentences and Words Using and Documenting Sources Checklist: Using Sources Checklist: Conventions for Writing About Literature Exercise: Two Student PapersStudent Paper: â€Å"Initiation into Adulthood† Student Paper: â€Å"Hard Choices† FICTION 3. Understanding Fiction Defining Fiction The Short Story Gary Gildner, â€Å"Sleepytime Gal† Margaret Atwood, â€Å"Happy Endings† *Jonathan Safran Foer, â€Å"A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease â€Å" A Final Note 4. Reading and Writing About Fiction Reading Fiction Active Reading Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Writing About Fiction Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to Say Brainstorming Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Read Essay In Westminster Abbey AnalysisStudent Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† First Draft First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Second Draft Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Symbols in â€Å"The Secret Lion† Final Draft Final Draft Commentary 5. Plot Conflict Stages of Plot Order and Sequence A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Plot Kate Chopin, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Nadine Gordimer, â€Å"Once upon a Time† *Stephen Dobyns, â€Å"Kansas† William Faulkner, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Lorrie Moore, â€Å"How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes)† Writing Suggestions: Plot 6. Character Round and Flat CharactersDynamic and Static Characters Motivation Checklist: Writing About Character John Updike, â€Å"A & P† Katherine Mansfield, â€Å"Miss Brill† Charles Baxter, â€Å"Gryphon† *Jhumpa Lahiri, â€Å"The Third and Final Continentâ₠¬  *Mary Ladd Gavell, â€Å"The Swing† Writing Suggestions: Character 7. Setting Historical Setting Geographical Setting Physical Setting Checklist: Writing About Setting Kate Chopin, The Storm Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona *Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing *Pam Houston, Cowboys Are My Weakness Writing Suggestions: Setting 8. Point of View First Person NarratorUnreliable Narrators Third Person Narrator Omniscient Limited Omniscient Objective Selecting an Appropriate Point of View Limited Omniscient Point of View First-Person Point of View (Child) First-Person Point of View (Adult) Omniscient Point of View Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review Checklist: Writing about Point of View *Bessie Head, Looking for a Rain God Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man *Gish Jen, Chin William Faulkner, Barn Burning Writing Suggestions: Point of View 9. Style, Tone, and Language Styl e and Tone The Uses of Language Formal and Informal DictionImagery Figures of Speech A Final Note Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language James Joyce, Araby *Andrea Barrett, The Littoral Zone Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language 10. Symbol and Allegory Literary Symbols Recognizing Symbols The Purpose of Symbols Allegory Checklist: Writing About Symbol and Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Alice Walker, Everyday Use *Raymond Carver, Cathedral *Richard Russo, DogWriting Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory 11. Theme Interpreting Themes (Understanding Theme in Portable) Identifying Themes Checklist: Writing About Theme David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables Eudora Welty, A Worn Path *Rick Bass, The Fireman Writing Suggestions: Theme 12. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†? Elaine R. Hedges, Scudder’s Comment on â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar, From The Madwoman in the Attic Ann J. Lane, From To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Denise D. Knight, ed. , Charlotte Perkins Gilman, From The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Petition to the New Jersey Legislature Judiciary Committee of the New Jersey Assembly, Response to the Petition by Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell Lise Stevens, Postpartum Depression Patricia J. Williams, Beyond the Village Pale Topics for Further Research 13. Joyce Carol Oates’ Where are You Going, Where have You Been? A Casebook for Reading Research, and Writing Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, From In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie’s Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Mike Tierce and John Michael Grafton, From Connie’s Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend† Bob Dylan, It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue Joyce M. Wegs, â€Å"Don’t You Know Who I Am? † The Grotesque in Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? †Laura Kalpakian, Where Are you Going, Where Have You Been (book review) Stephen Slimp, Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † Don Moser, The Pied Piper of Tuscon The Pied Piper of Hamelin Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood Topics for Further Research Student Paper 14. Fiction for Further Reading *Chinua Ac hebe, Dead Man’s Path Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson *Donald Barthelme, City of Churches *Amy Bloom, Hold Tight T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake *Ethan Canin, The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds *Stephen Crane, The Open Boat *Junot Diaz, Aguantado Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The DisappearanceLouise Erdrich, Fleur Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children *Tim Gautreaux, Same Place, Same Things Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark *Raj Kamal Jha, Domestic Help Ha Jin, Sabateur James Joyce, Eveline Jamaica Kincaid, Girl Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee Herman Melville, Bartleby the Scribner Alice Munro, Boys and Girls *V. S. Naipaul, B. Wordsworth Joyce Carol Oates, Shopping *Flannery O’Connor, Good Country People Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Carol Shields, Fifteen Minutes in the Life of Larry Weller John Steinbeck, The ChrysanthemumsAmy Tan, Two Kinds Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland POETRY 15. Understan ding Poetry Marianne Moore, Poetry Nikki Giovanni, Poetry Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica Defining Poetry William Shakespeare, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold Louis Zukofsky, I Walk in the Old Street e. e. cummings, l(a Approaching Poetry Recognizing Kinds of Poetry Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry 16. Discovering Themes in Poetry Adrienne Rich, A Woman Mourned by Daughters Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty Second Year Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father In the Navy: A Childhood Memory Poems About ParentsTheodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Lucille Clifton, My Mama Moved among the Days Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Simon J. Ortiz, My Father’s Song *Yehuda Amichai, My Father *Jill Bialosky, The Boy Beheld his Mother’s Past Poems about Love Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd Thomas Cam pion, There Is a Garden in Her Face William Shakespeare, My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun Robert Browning, Meeting at Night Robert Browning, Parting At MorningElizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation Sylvia Plath, Wreath for a Bridal Ted Hughes, A Pink Wool Knitted Dress Poems About War Rupert Brooke, The Soldier Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead Denise Levertov, What Were They Like *Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime Boris Slutsky, How Did They Kill My GrandmotherBilly Joel, Goodnight Saigon Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It *Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning 17. Reading and Writing About Poetry Reading Poetry Active Reading Previewing Highlighting and Annotating Robert Hayden, Th ose Winter Sundays Seamus Heaney, Digging Writing About Poetry Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Seeing Connections Listing Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an Outline Drafting an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)Second Draft Commentary Student Paper, Digging For Memories (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 18. Voice Emily Dickinson, I’m Nobody! Who Are You? The Speaker in the Poem Louise Gluck, Gretel in Darkness Leonard Adame, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum Langston Hughes, Negro Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note *Deborah Garrison, An Idle Thought *James Tate, Nice Car, Camille *Dorianne Laux, The Shipfitter’s Wife The Tone of the Poem Robert Frost, Fire and Ice Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed Amy Lowell, Patterns Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us Sylvia Plath, Morning Song Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time *Steve Kowit, The Grammar Lesson Irony Robert Browning, Porphyria’s Lover Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias Ariel Dorfman, Hope W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen Anne Sexton, Cinderella Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham *Sherman Alexie, How to Write the Great American Indian Novel *Rachel Rose, What We Heard about the Japanese *Rachel Rose, What the Japanese Perhaps Heard Checklist: Writing about Voice Writing Suggestions: Voice 9. Word Choice, Word Order Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words Word Choice Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin e. e. cummings, in Just- Theodore Roethke, I Knew a Woman *Robert Pinsky, ABC Levels of Diction Margaret At wood, The City Planners Jim Sagel, Baca Grande *Wanda Coleman, Sears Life *Mark Halliday, The Value of Education Barbara L. Greenberg, The Faithful Wife Richard Wilbur, For the Student Strikers Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight Dialect Faye Kicknosway, GracieRobert Burns, John Anderson My Jo Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Word Order Edmund Spenser, One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town A. E. Housman, To An Athlete Dying Young Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun Checklist: Writing About Word Choice, Word Order Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order 20. Imagery Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to be Said for the Iron Age Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure Michael Chitwood, Division *Lam Thi My Da, Washing Rice *Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Alley of Flowers *Edward Hirsch, M an on a Fire Escape *Maxine Kumin, Vignette *Michael McFee, Valentine’s Afternoon Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay Jean Toomer, Reapers Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est Checklist: Writing about Imagery Writing Suggestions: Imagery 21. Figures of Speech William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? Simile, Metaphor, and Personification Langston Hughes, Harlem Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity Audre Lorde, Rooming Houses Are Old WomenRobert Burns, Oh, My Love Is like A Red, Red, Rose John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning *E. B. White, Natural History *Bei Dau, A Bouquet *Martin Espada, My Father as Guitar *Mary Jo Salter, Kangaroo Hyperbole and Understatement Sylvia Plath, Daddy David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Robert Fr ost, Out, Out— Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner Margaret Atwood, You Fit Into Me *Sherod Santos, Spring ElegyMetonymy and Synecdoche Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars *Thomas Lux, Henry Clay’s Mouth Apostrophe Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa *Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California Checklist: Writing About Figures of Speech Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech 22. Sound Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice Rhythm Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud Meter Emily Dickinson, I Like to See It Lap the Miles Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After Alliteration and Assonance Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle N. Scott Momaday, Comparatives Robert Herrick, Delight in DisorderRhyme Ogden Nash, The Llama Richard Wilbur, A Sketch Gerald Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening *Kelly Cherry, Nobody’s Fool *Lydia Davis, A Mown Lawn *Robert Francis, Pitcher *Alan Shapiro, A P arting Gift *Mona Van Duyn, The Beginning Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky Checklist: Writing About Sound Writing Suggestions: Sound 23. Form John Keats, On the Sonnet *Billy Collins, Sonnet Closed Form Blank Verse Stanza The Sonnet William Shakespeare, When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes Claude McKay, The White City John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s HomerGwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle *Mona Van Duyn, Minimalist Sonnet The Sestina Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina The Villanelle Theodore Roethke, The Waking William Meredith, In Memory of Donald A. Stauffer The Epigram Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram *Martin Espada, Why I Went to College Haiku Richard Brautigan, Widow’s Lament Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku Carolyn Kizer, After Basho Open Form Carl Sandburg, Chicago Louise Gluck, Life is a Nice Place e. e. cummings, the sky was can dy Walt Whitman, from Out of the Cradl e Endlessly RockingDiane Wakoski, Sleep Robert Hayden, Monet’s Waterlillies William Carlos Williams, Spring and All Carolyn Forche, The Colonel *Pat Mora, Immigrants *Czeslaw Milosz, Christopher Robin Concrete Poetry May Swenson, Women George Herbert, Easter Wings *Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees Checklist: Writing About Form Writing Suggestions: Form 24. Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth William Blake, The Sick Rose Symbol Robert Frost, For Once, Then Something Jim Simmerman, Child’s Grave, Hale County, Alabama Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes Be in Sicily Langston Hughes, Island Theodore Roethke, Night CrowAllegory Christina Rossetti, Uphill Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck Allusion Wole Soyinka, Future Plans William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide Delmore Schwartz, The True-Blue American Myth Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel Louise Erdrich, Windigo William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts *T. S. E liot, The Journey of the Magi *Elizabeth Holmes, The Fathers Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth Writing Suggestions: Symbol Allegory, Allusion, and Myth 25. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and WritingEmily Dickinson, â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Faith is a fine invention† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I taste a liquor never brewed—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"â€Å"Heaven† – Is what I cannot reach! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Wild Nights—Wild Nights! † Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Soul Selects Her own Society† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Nature—sometimes sears a Sapling—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to Church—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"After great pain, A formal feeling comes—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I Read My Sentence—Steadily—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"We grow accustomed to the Dark—†Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Much Madness is divinest Sense—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"This is my letter to the World† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I heard a fly buzz—when I died—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Brain—is wider than the Sky—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I dwell in Possibility—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Only News I know† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"I never saw a Moor—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"The Bustle in a House† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant—† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"There is no Frigate like a Book† Emily Dickinson, â€Å"That Love is all there is,†Thomas H. Johnso n and Theodora Ward, From The Letters of Emily Dickinson Burdick, E. Miller, From Emily Dickinson and the Life of Language Judith Farr, From The Passion of Emily Dickinson Richard B. Sewall, From The Life of Emily Dickinson Judy Jo Small, From Positive as Sound: Emily Dickinson’s Rhyme Allen Tate, Emily Dickinson Shankar Vedantam, Did a Bipolar Trait bring a Turn for the Verse? Michael Ryan, Vocation According to Dickinson Suzanne Juhasz, Christanne Miller, and Martha Nell Smith, Emily Dickinson’s Feminist Humor James L. Dean, Dickinson’s â€Å"Wild Nights! † Research QuestionsStudent Paper The Musicality of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry 26. The Poetry of Langston Hughes: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues Langston Hughes, I, To Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord Langston Hughes, The Ballad of Booker T Langston Hughes, Theme for English B Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie Langston Hughes, Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963) Langston Hughes, Old Walt Langston Hughes, Genius Child Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight Langston Hughes, Park Bench Langston Hughes, The Un-American InvestigatorsLangston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me Langston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain Langston Hughes, To Negro Writers Langston Hughes, My Adventures as a Social Poet Arnold Rampersad, The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes Herman Beavers, Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes Steven C. Tracy, â€Å"Midnight Ruffles of CatGut Lace†: The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes Karen Jackson Ford, Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes Aesthetics of Simplicity George B. Hutchinson, Langston Hughes and the â€Å"Other† Whitman C. D. Rogers, â€Å"Hughes’s ‘Genius Child’†Research Questions Student Paper: Challenging the Father/Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes’s  "The Negro Speaks of Rivers† 27. Poetry for Further Reading Sherman Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman Maya Angelou, Africa Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan Anonymous, Western Wind Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach *John Ashbery, Myrtle *Elizabeth Alexander, Apollo Margaret Atwood, This Is A Photograph of Me *Robin Behn, Whether or Not There Are Apples *Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper William Blake, The Lamb *William Blake, To See a World in a Grain of Sand William Blake, LondonWilliam Blake, The Tyger *Eavon Boland, The Emigrant Irish Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book Gwendolyn Brooks, The Ballad of Rudolph Reed Gwendolyn Brooks, The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty *Shulamith Wechter Caine, Intellectual Heritage *Raphael Campo, Oysters *Phyllis Capello, In Memory of Jenny and Evelyn Who Were Playing When the Stoop Collapsed *Lucille Clifton, the mississippi river empties into the gulf *Judith Ortiz Cofer, Claims Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan *Billy Collins, Lines Lost Among Trees Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge *Victor Hernandez Cruz, Anonymous e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill’s E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Brides Come to Yuba City John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God John Donne, Death Be Not Proud John Donne, Song *Mark Doty, A Display of Mackerel Rita Dove, The Satisfaction Coal Company *Gregory Djanikan, Immigrant Picnic *Stephen Dunn, Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock James A. Emanuel, Emmett TillLouise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night Robert Frost, Birches Robert Frost, Desert Places Robert Frost, Mending Wall Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening * Frederico Garcia Lorca, Arbole Arbole *Deborah Garrison, Please Fire Me Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa *Jorie Graham, I Was Taught Three H. D. , Heat H. D. , Helen *Marilyn Hacker, I’m Four *Rachel Hadas, Thick and Thin *Joy Harjo, Morning Song Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain Robert Hayden, Homage to the Empress of the Blues *Seamus Heaney, Mid-term BreakGerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover *Garett Kaoru Hongo, The Hongo Store 29 Miles Volcano Hilo, Hawaii *Andrew Hudgins, Desert Island Ted Hughes, Visit *Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood *Donald Justice, School Letting Out John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad John Keats, Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art John Keats, Ode on a Gredian Urn John Keats, When I Have Fears *Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street *Jane Kenyon, A Boy Goes into the World Philip Larkin, Aubade *Li-Young Lee, The Gift *Phillip Levine, Llanto Harry McC abe, Evening at the Shack Claude McKay, If We Must Die *James Merrill, Page from the Koran *M. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co. *Dan Nester, Pay Per View etude *Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys Party Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage *Frank O’Hara, Autobiographia Literaria *Mary Oliver, Alligator Poem Michael Ondaatje, Dates *Gregory Orr, Once the two of us Linda Pastan, Ethics Linda Pastan, Marks *Lucia Perillo, Scott Wonders if His Daughter Will Understand Tragedy if He Kills Rock and RollMarge Piercy, Barbie Doll Marge Piercy, The Friend *Robert Pinsky, If You Could Write One Great Poem, What Would You Want It to Be About? Sylvia Plath, Metaphors Sylvia Plath, Mirror Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory *Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest Carl Sandburg, Fog *S onia Sanchez, right on: white america Anne Sexton, Sylvia’s Death William Shakespeare, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds William Shakespeare, Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind Charles Simic, Spring *Louis Simpson, A Shearling Coat Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning Cathy Song, Lost Sister Gary Soto, Black Hair *Wole Soyinka, Hamlet Barry Spacks, On Finding a Yiddish Newspaper on the Riverside Line William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream *Mark Strand, Old Man Leaves a Party *Virgil Suarez, Aguacero Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses *John Updike, Rainbow Gina Valdes, My Mother Sews Blouses Margaret Walker, Lineage Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose James Welch, The Man from WashingtonPhyllis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider Walt Whitman, from Song of Myself *C. K. Williams, Tantrum William Carlos Williams, The Dance William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold William Wordsworth, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree William Butler Yeats, Sailing to ByzantiumWilliam Butler Yeats, The Second Coming 28. Biographical Sketches of Selected Poets DRAMA 29. Understanding Drama Dramatic Literature The Origins of the Modern Theater The Ancient Greek Theater The Elizabethan Theater The Modern Theater Kinds of Drama Tragedy Comedy A Note on Translations August Strindberg, The Stronger *Jane Martin, Beauty Reading Drama (only in Portable) 30. Reading and Writing About Drama Reading Drama Active Reading Previewing Highlighting or Annotating Writing About Drama Planning an Essay Choosing a Topic Finding Something to S ay Seeing Connections Deciding on a Thesis Preparing an OutlineDrafting an Essay Student Paper: The Women’s Role in Trifles (First Draft) First Draft Commentary Revising and Editing an Essay Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft) Second Draft Commentary Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft) Final Draft Commentary 31. Plot Plot Structure Plot and Subplot Plot Development Flashbacks Foreshadowing Checklist: Writing About Plot Susan Glaspell, Trifles *Sam Shepard, True West Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House Writing Suggestions: Plot 32. Character Character’s Words Formal and Informal Language Plain and Elaborate Style Tone IronyCharacter’s Actions Stage Directions Actor’s Interpretations Checklist: Writing About Character Anton Chekov, The Brute Paddy Chayefsky, Marty *David Auburn, Proof Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman Writing Suggestions: Character 33. Staging Stage Directions The Uses of Stagi ng Costumes Props Scenery and Lighting Music and Sound Effects A Final Note Checklist: Writing About Staging Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer Sophocles, Oedipus the King William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream Writing Suggestions: Staging 34. Theme Titles Conflicts Dialogue Characters Staging A Final Note Checklist: Writing About ThemeWendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer *Margaret Edson, W;t Sophocles, Antigone August Wilson, Fences Writing Suggestions: Theme 35. Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Author’s Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition) James Fisher, From The Angels of Fructification Eric P. Levy, From Through the Soundproof Glass Jacqueline O’Connor, From Dramatizing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams Edwina Dakin Williams, Tennessee Williams, Dakin Williams, and Shepherd Meade, Excerpts from Thre e MemoirsJean Evans and Walter Wager, Excerpts from Two Interviews with Williams Thomas L. King, Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie Nancy Tischler, Nancy Marie Patterson, From A Student Companion to Tennessee Williams Roger B. Stein, From The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence Tom Scanlan, from Family, Drama, and American Dreams Roger Boxill, The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, Portrait of a Girl in Glass Topics for Further Research Student Paper: Laura’s Gentlemen Caller 36. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing William Shakespeare, HamletElizabeth Mullenix, Reitz, The Sublime or the Ridiculous? Siyang, Zhang, Hamlet’s Melancholy Vince Escanalar, Foils in Hamlet Mark Rose, From Reforming the Role Ellen J. O’Brien, From Revision by Excision: Rewriting Gertrude June Schlueter and James P. Lusardi, From Study to Stage to Classroom Sandra K. Fisher, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches Topics for Further Research Student Paper: â€Å"Reclaiming Shakespeare’s Gertrude: Rejecting Role Revisions on Stage and in Film† WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE 37. Three Common Writing Assignments 38. Writing a Research Paper Choosing a Topic Looking for Sources Narrowing Your TopicDoing Research Taking Notes Integrating Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Drafting a Thesis Statement Making an Outline Writing Your Paper Documenting Your Sources Parenthetical References in the Text Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References Sample References The List of Works Cited Informal Documentation Content Notes To Cite Several Sources To Provide Explanations Sample Literature Papers with MLA Documentation Student Paper, And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and act in Eudora Welty’s A Worn Path Student Paper: â€Å"A & P†: A Class Act 39. Using Literary Theory in Your Writing FormalismA Formalist Reading: Kate Chopan’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: For malism Reader-Response Criticism Reader-Response Reading’s: Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† For Further Reading: Reader-Response Criticims Sociological Criticism Feminist Criticism A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Feminist Criticism Marxist Criticism A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† For Further Reading: Marxist Criticism New Historicism A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† For Further Reading: New Historicist CriticismPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic Terms A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† For Further Reading: Psychoanalytic Criticism Structuralism A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† For Further Reading: Structuralism Deconstruction A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O’Connor’s â €Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† For Further Reading: Deconstruction 40. Writing Essay Exams About Literature Planning an Essay Exam Answer Review Your Material Consider Your Audience and Purpose Read through the Entire Exam Read the Question CarefullyKey Words in Exam Questions Brainstorm to Find Ideas Shaping an Essay Exam Answer Stating a Thesis Making a Scratch Outline Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer Appendix A: Literary History: Aristotle to the Twentieth Century Beginnings: The Greeks and Romas (c. 450 b. c. – a. d. 400) The Middle Agesa (c. A. D. 400 – 1500) The Renaissance (c. 1500-1660) The Enlightenment (c. 1660 – 1798) The Romantic Period (1798 – 1837) The Victorian Period (1837 – 1901) The Modern Period (1901 – Present) Glossary of Literary Terms Acknowledgements Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry